Girls should learn age-appropriate sexual knowledge at different stages of development to support both physical and mental well-being. Generally, a woman’s life can be divided into seven physiological stages: fetal, neonatal, childhood, adolescence, sexual maturity, perimenopause, and postmenopause. These stages are part of a gradual and continuous biological process from formation in the womb to aging.
- Childhood (4 weeks to 12 years old)
Before age 8, girls are typically in a prepubescent phase, where sex hormones are low and female sexual characteristics are not yet developed. After age 8, hormonal activity increases, especially with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, initiating breast development and other signs of puberty.
During this period, basic sexual awareness (sex education) is essential. Parents, schools, and society should work together to help girls:
Understand the anatomical differences between boys and girls
Learn about personal boundaries—what can and cannot be touched
Know not to touch others inappropriately
Stay cautious around strangers
Introducing age-appropriate educational materials (books, courses such as “Health and Hygiene” commonly taught in primary schools) is highly beneficial. Early sex education helps children develop a healthy understanding of their bodies and prepares them psychologically for the changes to come.
- Adolescence (10 to 19 years old)
This stage marks the transition from childhood to adulthood, accompanied by physical changes like breast development, the onset of menstruation, and increased sexual awareness. Girls also begin to experience emotional and cognitive shifts. At this stage, they should learn about:
The process of breast and genital development
The causes and management of menstruation and period pain
The basics of sexual behavior and reproduction
Proper menstrual hygiene
How to respond to and prevent sexual harassment or abuse
An introduction to sexual consent and emotional boundaries
This is also the time to begin sexual psychology education, helping girls form healthy views on relationships and intimacy.
- Sexual Maturity (approximately 18–45 years old)
This is the period of regular ovulation and reproductive capability. Women should deepen their understanding of reproductive and sexual health, including:
Safe and respectful sexual practices
The concept and experience of sexual pleasure and orgasm
Contraception methods and correct condom use
Emergency contraception and pregnancy options
Recognizing and preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV and syphilis
- Perimenopause to Postmenopause
This period includes the onset of menopausal symptoms through the years following menopause. As ovarian function declines and estrogen levels drop, women may experience vasomotor symptoms (like hot flashes), mood changes, and menopausal syndrome.
It’s important for women to understand:
What causes menopausal symptoms
How to manage physical and emotional changes
How to maintain good health and a positive mindset during and after menopause